Failed Completions 2015

by Scott Kacsmar

The Super Bowl is over, which means it is time to start cranking out stat studies from the previous season. One of the quickest categories we can analyze from the play-by-play data is failed completions. These are any complete passes that fail to gain 45 percent of needed yards on first down; 60 percent on second down; or 100 percent on third or fourth down. You can see last year's study here.

Not every failed completion is created equally, but for this article we make things binary, summing up successes and failures. For the purposes of DVOA, there are fractional points involved where a 10-yard completion on third-and-12 would generate some partial success.

Going back to 1989, we have seen the NFL's failed completion rate (as a percentage of all completions) slowly rise with the growing love of the short passing game, but 2015 set a record with the highest rate yet at 25.1 percent. That is a grand total of 2,893 failed completions. The most failed completions in a game this season was 13, done four times (Jets vs. Eagles, Ravens vs. Jaguars, Rams at Bengals, and 49ers vs. Bengals).

Failed completions are obviously most significant on third and fourth down, which was one of the reasons we created Air Less EXpected (ALEX) as a stat this season. We will look at ALEX as it relates to failed completions for the first time here. Data is only for the regular season and the total number of completions is slightly higher than the official NFL total since Football Outsiders includes backward (lateral) passes.

Not only did we have a record-high season in failed completion rate (FC%), but we have the first quarterback with at least 100 completions since 1989 with an FC% of more than 40 percent. If you recall which quarterback had a horrible season converting on third downs (he's the one with a lot of dark red in the table in this article), you can probably guess who it was. In the following table, the 37 qualified quarterbacks are ranked by ascending FC%, but we also included failed completions as a percentage of attempts (which causes very little change in the rankings) as well as the average ALEX (all downs) for the season.

Rk	Quarterback	Passes	Comp.	Failed	FC%	FC %ATT	Rk	ALEX	Rk
1	Cam Newton	494	296	44	14.9%	8.9%	1	1.4	3
2	Carson Palmer	532	342	52	15.2%	9.8%	2	2.1	1
3	Jameis Winston	533	312	60	19.2%	11.3%	3	0.5	6
4	Blake Bortles	603	355	69	19.4%	11.4%	4	0.3	8
5	Brian Hoyer	369	224	45	20.1%	12.2%	5	0.5	7
6	Andy Dalton	386	255	52	20.4%	13.5%	9	-0.2	13
7	Brock Osweiler	275	170	35	20.6%	12.7%	7	0.0	12
8	Marcus Mariota	368	230	49	21.3%	13.3%	8	0.1	11
9	Russell Wilson	481	329	71	21.6%	14.8%	12	-0.5	17
10	Ben Roethlisberger	469	320	70	21.9%	14.9%	14	1.5	2
11	Matt Ryan	614	407	90	22.1%	14.7%	11	-1.2	24
12	Andrew Luck	291	162	36	22.2%	12.4%	6	0.6	5
13	Matthew Stafford	592	398	90	22.6%	15.2%	15	-2.4	35
14	Tom Brady	621	402	96	23.9%	15.5%	18	-1.2	27
15	Philip Rivers	661	438	105	24.0%	15.9%	21	-2.0	33
16	Jay Cutler	482	311	75	24.1%	15.6%	19	-0.3	15
17	Ryan Fitzpatrick	562	335	81	24.2%	14.4%	10	0.3	9
18	Matt Hasselbeck	257	157	38	24.2%	14.8%	13	-1.2	26
19	Eli Manning	617	387	98	25.3%	15.9%	20	-0.8	18
Rk	Quarterback	Passes	Comp.	Failed	FC%	FC %ATT	Rk	ALEX	Rk
20	Derek Carr	572	350	91	26.0%	15.9%	22	-1.1	22
21	Drew Brees	626	429	113	26.3%	18.1%	27	-1.3	28
22	Johnny Manziel	222	129	34	26.4%	15.3%	17	-1.1	23
23	Kirk Cousins	543	379	100	26.4%	18.4%	29	-0.8	20
24	Ryan Mallett	242	136	37	27.2%	15.3%	16	-0.2	14
25	Aaron Rodgers	571	347	96	27.7%	16.8%	23	-0.8	19
26	Alex Smith	471	308	86	27.9%	18.3%	28	-2.4	36
27	Joe Flacco	409	266	76	28.6%	18.6%	30	-1.4	30
28	Ryan Tannehill	585	364	105	28.8%	17.9%	26	-0.5	16
29	Sam Bradford	531	346	100	28.9%	18.8%	31	-2.0	34
30	Josh McCown	292	186	55	29.6%	18.8%	32	-1.4	29
31	Tyrod Taylor	380	242	72	29.8%	18.9%	33	1.0	4
32	Peyton Manning	330	198	59	29.8%	17.9%	25	0.3	10
33	Colin Kaepernick	244	144	43	29.9%	17.6%	24	-0.8	21
34	Teddy Bridgewater	447	292	95	32.5%	21.3%	35	-1.6	32
35	Matt Cassel	202	119	39	32.8%	19.3%	34	-1.2	25
36	Blaine Gabbert	282	178	63	35.4%	22.3%	36	-2.6	37
37	Nick Foles	335	190	78	41.1%	23.3%	37	-1.5	31
-	2015 NFL Totals	18258	11534	2893	25.1%	15.8%	-	-0.6	-

Maybe you forgot him since he was benched for Case Keenum, but Nick Foles (41.1 percent) now has the highest FC% since 1989. He beat out Anthony Wright, who was at 39.6 percent for the 2005 Ravens. For reference, Keenum was about average at 24.7 percent this season, so this says more about Foles than it does Tavon Austin and the Rams. Foles also ranked 32nd with an FC% of 28.0 percent in 2014.

Cam Newton and Carson Palmer had career seasons and were the top two MVP candidates. Both look good here, which is nothing new for Newton -- his worst year in this category was 2014, and even then his FC% was just 17.9 percent. His vertical nature combined with some erratic accuracy makes him a likely candidate for a low FC%, which we also may be seeing with Jameis Winston in Tampa Bay if his rookie season is any indication of future performance. Blake Bortles had one of the year's biggest improvements in his second season, going from 35th in FC% (30.4 percent) as a rookie to fourth this season. (Some of that change can also be attributed to the switch at offensive coordinator from Jedd Fisch to Greg Olson.)

Matt Ryan managed the best FC% for anyone with a below-average ALEX this season. Tyrod Taylor and Peyton Manning are the only quarterbacks to finish in the top 10 in ALEX, but below average in FC%. Neither played in an offense with much YAC, but that is especially surprising in Taylor's case since his game was so aggressive. We will see later which receivers impacted this. When we get to looking at YAC+ for 2015, we should be able to come up with an expected FC% for each quarterback and receiver.

The next quarterback table compares FC% to ALEX (all passes) by down where third and fourth down are grouped together. Rankings are from best (green) to worst (red), and the darker the color, the more standard deviations that quarterback is from the average.

We have an extreme outlier here in Nick Foles, whose second-down FC% of 47.9 percent is nearly double the average of 25.6 percent. Not surprisingly, he has the lowest ALEX on second down. Some of the season's best passers (Newton, Palmer, and Ben Roethlisberger) avoid any red marks here. Newton is the only player to rank in the top five in all six splits. The other three passers with all green are a surprising trio: Brock Osweiler, Blake Bortles, and Brian Hoyer.

On Twitter, I had a lot of people expecting Teddy Bridgewater to bring up the rear like Foles has, and he is near the bottom. Through two seasons, he definitely seems to be in the "checkdown Charlie" category of passers, and having the highest FC% on first down is not good for an offense. Naturally, the Vikings finished 26th in first-down DVOA.

Someone has to be on the receiving end of these plays. I looked at the failed completions for everyone with at least 30 receptions. The following table excludes running backs since they catch so many short passes that they would dominate these lists. Duke Johnson led all running backs with 32 failed receptions, and Justin Forsett had the highest FC% at the position at 64.5 percent.

Most Failed Completions (WR/TE)			Lowest Failed Completion Rate (WR/TE)					Highest Failed Completion Rate (WR/TE)
Receiver	Team	Failed	Receiver	Team	Rec.	Failed	Pct.	Receiver	Team	Rec.	Failed	Pct.
Jarvis Landry	MIA	35	Dorial Green-Beckham	TEN	32	0	0.0%	Eddie Royal	CHI	37	19	51.4%
Antonio Brown	PIT	30	Devin Funchess	CAR	31	1	3.2%	Tavon Austin	STL	53	22	41.5%
Delanie Walker	TEN	25	Rishard Matthews	MIA	43	2	4.7%	Mychal Rivera	OAK	32	13	40.6%
Brandin Cooks	NO	24	Mike Evans	TB	74	4	5.4%	Vance McDonald	SF	30	11	36.7%
Randall Cobb	GB	24	Vincent Jackson	TB	33	2	6.1%	Richard Rodgers	GB	58	20	34.5%
Golden Tate	DET	23	Ted Ginn	CAR	44	3	6.8%	Chris Hogan	BUF	36	12	33.3%
Julio Jones	ATL	22	Allen Robinson	JAC	80	6	7.5%	Jarvis Landry	MIA	111	35	31.5%
Tavon Austin	STL	22	DeAndre Hopkins	HOU	111	9	8.1%	Charles Clay	BUF	51	16	31.4%
Jason Witten	DAL	21	A.J. Green	CIN	86	7	8.1%	Jared Cook	STL	39	12	30.8%
Jordan Matthews	PHI	20	Markus Wheaton	PIT	44	4	9.1%	Randall Cobb	GB	79	24	30.4%
Richard Rodgers	GB	20	Terrance Williams	DAL	52	5	9.6%	Coby Fleener	IND	54	16	29.6%

Jarvis Landry led the NFL with 35 failed completions after finishing second in 2014 with 26. His rate actually went up a little too, from 31.0 percent to 31.5 percent. He is a bit of a stud in fantasy football with PPR scoring, but his short gains have not really translated into real-life success for Miami's passing game. Landry's 174 DYAR over his first two seasons is less than the 235 DYAR that teammate Rishard Matthews had in 2015 alone. You can see Matthews had the third-lowest FC% of 2015 as he was very efficient with his targets. Only two deep-threat rookies (Dorial Green-Beckham and Devin Funchess) had a lower rate. Vincent Jackson and Terrance Williams are the only players that ranked in the top 10 for lowest FC% in 2014 as well. Williams' numbers (five failures on 52 receptions) were actually also achieved by Tyler Eifert and Michael Floyd, but we only showed Williams for formatting reasons.

Even with new quarterbacks, Chris Hogan and Tavon Austin each made his second straight appearance among the 10 highest failed completion rates. Hogan and Charles Clay both appear for Buffalo, though what surprised me more was Sammy Watkins going from 7.7 percent FC% last year (best among 2014 rookies) to 13.3 percent this year. If you followed Watkins' year, you know he had a ridiculous average depth of target (16.8 yards), but he still had eight failed catches among his total of 60. Just recently there was a story about DeAndre Hopkins wanting to improve on his YAC, which we highlighted as being almost absent in his game this past season. Allegedly Watkins was the one who told Hopkins about the two former Clemson receivers' ranking last this past year. But Hopkins still finished with the eighth-lowest rate here.

The correlation between a receiver's FC% and his ALEX (all targets) was minus-0.84. Compare that to the minus-0.60 correlation between a quarterback's FC% and his ALEX (all passes). I think this speaks to how a quarterback throws to a variety of targets, and some of them are better at turning short passes into longer gains. For an individual receiver, his role determines a lot of his receiving stats, and you are either capable of making plays after the catch or you are not. This is why we view YAC as more of a receiver stat than a quarterback stat.

Finally, let's look at the defenses' ability to create failed completions, with a comparison to how these units fared in 2014.

Defenses: 2015 Failed Completions Compared to 2014
Rk	Team	Comp.	Failed	FC%	2014 Rk	2014 FC%	Diff	Rk
1	DEN	344	111	32.3%	4	28.1%	4.2%	4
2	CAR	390	122	31.3%	2	28.5%	2.8%	7
3	CIN	416	117	28.1%	8	26.6%	1.5%	11
4	BAL	350	98	28.0%	10	26.2%	1.8%	10
5	DET	361	101	28.0%	5	27.9%	0.0%	22
6	STL	399	111	27.8%	6	27.2%	0.6%	19
7	SD	328	91	27.7%	9	26.3%	1.5%	12
8	ARI	343	95	27.7%	7	26.8%	0.9%	16
9	DAL	330	91	27.6%	14	25.6%	2.0%	9
10	SEA	333	91	27.3%	11	26.1%	1.2%	15
11	ATL	371	100	27.0%	32	17.0%	10.0%	1
12	IND	354	94	26.6%	22	23.1%	3.5%	6
13	MIN	359	94	26.2%	3	28.3%	-2.1%	27
14	NE	361	93	25.8%	16	24.9%	0.9%	17
15	NYJ	343	87	25.4%	17	24.1%	1.3%	14
16	KC	349	88	25.2%	23	23.0%	2.3%	8
Rk	Team	Comp.	Failed	FC%	2014 Rk	2014 FC%	Diff	Rk
17	HOU	326	82	25.2%	18	23.8%	1.3%	13
18	SF	376	94	25.0%	29	20.3%	4.7%	2
19	JAC	391	96	24.6%	19	23.8%	0.7%	18
20	CHI	322	79	24.5%	28	20.5%	4.0%	5
21	GB	322	76	23.6%	31	19.2%	4.4%	3
22	WAS	354	82	23.2%	15	25.2%	-2.1%	26
23	OAK	404	92	22.8%	1	29.7%	-6.9%	32
24	NYG	423	95	22.5%	26	22.5%	0.0%	23
25	CLE	322	72	22.4%	12	26.0%	-3.6%	30
26	BUF	348	77	22.1%	13	25.8%	-3.7%	31
27	MIA	350	77	22.0%	27	21.9%	0.1%	21
28	PHI	394	86	21.8%	21	23.2%	-1.4%	25
29	PIT	402	87	21.6%	24	22.8%	-1.2%	24
30	NO	372	76	20.4%	30	20.3%	0.1%	20
31	TB	378	76	20.1%	20	23.5%	-3.3%	29
32	TEN	319	62	19.4%	25	22.8%	-3.3%	28

It is always interesting when an obscure stat such as this one spits out results like this, with the top two teams earning No. 1 seeds and meeting in the Super Bowl, and leading the league in defense. Denver has been solid in this stat for a few years now, but no one has dominated failed completions like Ron Rivera's Carolina defense. The Panthers were first with an excellent 34.0 percent in 2013, their breakout year under Rivera, when they were the only team in the league above 30 percent. Even in 2014 when the Panthers had a rough year overall, the defense managed to finish second in FC%. Denver and Carolina are the only teams above 30 percent this season.

Rivera comes from Lovie Smith's coaching tree in Chicago with the Cover-2 defense, and he also spent time with the 3-4 in San Diego. Maybe that style of keeping the play in front of you works out well here. Then again, you see Tampa Bay (Smith) and Tennessee (Dick LeBeau's "tackle the catch" principles going stale) bringing up the rear, with fired head coaches in both cities.

The Falcons made the biggest leap behind new coach Dan Quinn this season, but that was not too hard considering they were 32nd in 2014. Still, their improvement of 10 percentage points was more than double that of the next closest team (San Francisco). The biggest decline happened in Oakland after the Raiders surprisingly led the league in FC% in 2014 despite only ranking 28th in pass defense DVOA.

We'll end on a quasi-positive note: after finishing 30th in FC% in 2014, the Saints were again 30th in 2015. Hey, at least it was not 32nd like seemingly every other category for that Rob Ryan defense.